Group 11, Draft Final Report

First Finished Draft is Attached as a Document

Final Project:

River Pollution in Kosova

*Introduction:  *This article is a literature review regarding the river pollution in Kosova. This country is located in the south-eastern Europe, more particularly in Balkans. Kosova is known for its strategic position, covered with lowland in the middle and surrounded by mountains. Moreover, it has a continental climate accompanied with warm summers and cold winters. Kosova also has a lot of rivers which can be found in most of the parts of Kosova. According to a UNMIK study:

“Kosovo is landlocked and has a surface area of 10,877 km2 in the center of the Balkan Peninsula. It is bordered by Macedonia (FYROM), Albania, Serbia Proper and Montenegro. It has a varied terrain with high planes at around 500 meters above sea level along with rolling hills and mountains some of which reaching an altitude of over 2000 meters. With its particular location at the center of the Balkans it has rivers flowing into 3 distinct seas; the Adriatic, the Aegean and the Black Sea (danube Bassin)”

This link means that Kosova has rivers that are used as drinking water, agriculture, industry; however, the level of pollution is being higher and higher each day, which is a very serious concern for the population.

For further illustration in order to get an idea of the water (river) distribution in Kosova, this is a map that gives a clear view: 

Relief: Kosovo is a mountainous country with lowlands, consisting of Kosovo plain (510-570 m in

altitude) and Dukagjini plain (350-450 m altitude) “ (Veselaj, 14). Hydrography:  “Kosovo has insufficient water resources, and in the future it will be a limiting factor for economic and social development of the country. It is estimated that Kosovo has only\1600 m3/water/year per capita” (Veselaj, 16).

Division:

* Surface Waters: “*The annual average of water flow from Kosovo is approximately 3.8 x 109 or 121.2 m3 /sec, while the total accumulated volume in existing accumulations is 569.69 million m3,which represents only 15.7% of the total average amount. Most of the rivers belong to the Black Sea basin 50.7%, the Adriatic Sea 43.5% and Aegean Sea 5.8%. Most of the rivers are characterized by irregular seasonal flow. River flows are higher during winter or early spring. Accumulative surface topography of Kosovo is 11,645 km2, which means that only 758 km2 or 6.5% is inconsistent with its total area (10,887 km2)” (Veselaj, 25).

*Ground Waters: “*Groundwater reserves in Kosovo are not researched enough. Groundwaters in Kosovo are located in rocks of different formations, from Paleozoic to Quaternary. These reserves are important for drinking water supply needs, industry, agriculture etc” (Veselaj, 29).

Thermal and Mineral Waters: The territory of Kosovo is rich in thermal and mineral water springs. So far, there has been little research to identify and study the values of these resources. According to the data recorded so far, there are about 30 thermal and mineral water sources in Kosovo.

Rainfalls: “All forms of atmospheric precipitation are present in Kosovo. A greater importance have rainfalls in the form of rain in the valleys and rainfall of snow in high mountain areas (Bjeshket e Nemuna and Sharr Mountains), where in the eastern part of Kosovo, during the year fall on average (600 mm), while in the west over (700 mm). During the year, the largest amount of precipitation falls in the Bjeshket e Nemuna (1750 mm)” (Veselaj, 45).

References:

Avdullahi, S., Fejza.I., Tmava, A., (4 Novemeber, 2011) Protecting Water Resources from Pollution in the Lake Batllava, Retrieved: 9 October, 2012,            from http://elearning.just.edu.jo/jjce/issues/paper.php?p=2415.pdf

Aliu, L. (2011, September). Lumi I Shkatërrimit të Madh.  Jeta Në  Kosovë. Retrieved September 12, 2012, fromhttp://gazetajnk.com/?cid=1,978,92

Behrami, S., Bajraktari, F., & Zogaj, N. Kosovo Environment Protection Agency, (2008). Ground water pollution in Mitrovica and surroundings. Retrieved from http://balwois.com/balwois/administration/full_paper/ffp-1084.pdf

Dreshaj, A., Feka, F., Malija, A., (21 August 2012) Pollution of Heavy Metals in the White Drin River Basin, Retrieved 26 September 2012, fromhttp://modernscientificpress.com/Journals/ViewArticle.aspx?gkN1Z6Pb60HNQPymfPQlZJBZHPzIMhuThoLaiUmXPXdJTRac7Np9OyK+XHqUY9tT  

Franciškovic-Bilinski, S., Gashi F., Bilinski, H., (29 May 2010) Establishing of Monitoring Network on Kosovo Rivers (Drini I Bardhë, Morava E Binçës, Lepenc and Sitnica. Retrieved 08 October 2012, from http://balwois.com/balwois/administration/full_paper/ffp-1455.pdf

Gazeta Express, "Ferizajasve u kerkohet qe te kene kujdes me ujin e pijes". Retrieved February 2012 from:
http://www.gazetaexpress.com/?cid=1,15,74624

GIS Section of Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning. (June 2002). Provisional institutions of self-government. Prishtine, Kosova: UNMIK. Retrieved from

*http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/kosovo/SoE/design.htm*

Hammer, Cliff, (19 March 2007) Kosovo: Water Resources Management, Retrieved: 08 October, 2010, fromhttp://www.emwis.net/thematicdirs/news/2007/03/snews687424

http://www.emwis.net/thematicdirs/news/2007/03/snews687424

OSCE. (2008). Water supply issues in kosovo. Retrieved from http://waterwiki.net/images/f/f9/Water_supply_issue_in_kosovo-osce.pdf

Portali Qendra.info © (2011). Kosova, tepër e ndotur për të jetuar. Retrieved 09 October, 2012 fromhttp://www.qendra.info/aktualitet/kronike/13904-kosova-teper-e-ndotur-per-te-jetuar.html

Rexhepi, F., Rugova, A., Arbneshi, T. (2010). **Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ibër River* **{}Sediment{}*. Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia: BALWOIS. Retrieved in September 16, 2011, from http://balwois.com/balwois/administration/full_paper/ffp-1681.pdf _ _

REC field office in Kosovo. (2000). Strategic Environmental Analysis Of Kosovo. Retrieved fromhttp://archive.rec.org/REC/Publications/CountryReports/Kosovo.PDF

Report,The state of water in Kosovo. (n.d.). Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved September 19, 2011, fromwww.ammk-rks.net/repository/docs/raporti_ujerave_2010-angl.pdf (http://%20www.ammk-rks.net/repository/docs/raporti_ujerave_2010-angl.pdf)

Ruzhdi Pllana, Vahdet Pruthi, Arsim Ejupi, Valbon Bytyqi.(2010). Water Resources Challenges in Kosovo and their Trans-boundary Impacts. Retrieved February 2012 from:http://balwois.com/balwois/administration/full_paper/ffp-2042.pdf

Suganya, S, S. S. (2011). Long term effects of water pollution on environment. National Research Council, Retrieved fromhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/long-term-effects-of-water-pollution-on-environment.html

Sihna, Kumar Manoj.(2001) "Protection of the Environment During Armed Conflicts- A Case Study of Kosova" www.worldii.org

<http://www.worldlii.org/int/journals/ISILYBIHRL/2001/13.html>

Ujërat e zeza e lënë Kosovën shumë larg BE-së. (2011). KohaNet, (Sewage System in Kosovo). Retrieved fromhttp://koha.net/?page=1%2C13%2C61300  This article talks about the sewage

Water and Waste Regugulatory Office (WWRO) (July,2011). Annual Performance Report for the Water and Waste Companies in Kosovo. Received from http://www.wwro-ks.org/English/Publications/AnnualPerfor/Annual_Performance_Reports_2010.pdf

World Bank., (2011) Kosovo, Cost Assessment of Environmental Degradation, Institutional Review, and Public Environmental Expenditure Review, Retrieved 2012, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTKOSOVO/Resources/KosovoCEA.pdf