Author Note

Correspondence concerning this research paper should be addressed to;

Rea D. Kryeziu, Donita Macula, Andina Vllahiu, Lilijana Memija, Sinan Thaqi
Environmental Policy, American University in Kosovo, Prishtina
E-mail: reak@aukonline.org donitam@aukonline.org andinav@aukonline.org lilijanam@aukonline.org sinant@aukonline.org

November 201 

List of Abbreviations

BIRN – Balkan Investigative Reporting Network

CIA – Central Intelligence Agency

CO2 – Carbon dioxide

DoF – Department of Forestry

EU – European Union

EULEX – European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo

GDP – Gross Domestic Product

ha – Hectares

KFA – Kosovo Forest Agency

km2 – Kilometers square

KP – Kosovo Police

m3 – Meters cube

MAFRD – Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development

MESP – Ministry of Environmental and Spatial Planning

NFI – National Forest Inventory

REC – Regional Environmental Center

WB – World Bank

WWF – World Wide Fund 

List of Figures

Figure (1) – Terrain of Kosovo…………………………………………………………………..7

Figure (2) – Illegal Logging……………………………………………………………………….9

Figure (3) – Forest Fires………………………………………………………………………….9

List of Graphs

Graph (1) - Forestation Surfaces  in ha………………………………………………………. 16            

List of Boxes

Box (1) – Division of Kosovo’s Forests………………………………………………………...8

Box (2) – The Republic of Kosovo, Laws pertaining to the Environment………………….13

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 The core aim of this research paper is to present an analysis on Kosovo’s status regarding deforestation, what has been done so far, and what must be done in the future in order to ensure a better setting.  This research paper will have a focus on deforestation, and study the affects deforestation has on our environment. 

It will be structured in that way which starts off by providing Kosovo’s geographic information, then focusing on deforestation in Kosovo, providing the main reasons of deforestation in Kosovo, and providing information as to what has been done so far in this direction. This document also recognizes the importance nature and greenery has on the environment we live in, thus leaving the road open for potential specialized opinions and why not provide their specialized help as well.

Introduction

             As environmental issues have become dominant in world politics during recent years, Kosovo has become aware of the grave importance the environment has. Like never before, environmental issues have also become a worry to Kosovo’s local and national authorities, since environmental problems are directly linked and influence the daily life of all citizens.

            However, as the duty of the national government is to primarily focus on nationwide policies, environmental regulations are unfortunately left for the local authorities to implement. This is first and foremost due to the reality that Kosovo’s borders are mainly mountainous and forests and thus they are managed mostly by local authorities.

            Nevertheless, local authorities have not done a sufficient job in protecting these riches of Kosovo. Because of the lack of proper policies and measures to accurately protect forestry and the environment in general, today Kosovo is witnessing deforestation to a vast extent.

            With the aim of protection and conservation in mind, we wish to address this unfortunate and hurtful aspect of environmental damage: being that of deforestation. Without a solid definition of the meaning of deforestation and what it includes; the outcome of the research paper would lead to a vague conclusion. Therefore, according to the World Wide Fund “Deforestation is the process whereby natural forests are cleared through logging and/or burning, either to use the timber or to replace the area for alternative uses,” (WWF, n.d.). Stated as such, deforestation gives the initial prospect of a greenery destruction caused by the need for increased industrialization.

Kosovo’s Geographic Characteristics

            Kosovo is the newest country in Europe, having gained its independence only four years ago. It is located in the heart of the Balkans, bordering with Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, and Montenegro, with 700.7 km2, (Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency, 2011). In consonance with Kosovo Agency of Statistics, Kosovo’s population is 1,739,825, with 875,900 males, and 863,925 females, (Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 2012).  According to the CIA World Factbook, Kosovo’s total land area is 10,877 km2 (The World Factbook, 2012). In accordance to the MESP, Kosovo’s forest areas, forest lands and fallow lands count for up to 47% of Kosovo’s whole geographic surface. From these statistics, forests count for around 460,800 ha or 90%, forest lands count for 28,200 ha or 5.5% and fallow land count for 23,400 ha or 4.5%. Out of these in total, around 62% are publicly owned, and the remaining 32% is privately owned, (Ministry of Environmental and Spatial Planning 2006). 

According to REC,  “Forestland is located Kosovo wide, since Kosovo is know for a mountainous area with an elevation of 400-700 m above sea level and surrounded with mountain with elevations of    2,000 to 2,500 m about mean sea level,” (Regional Environmental Center, 2009).

As we can see in the figure on our left, Kosovo’s borders are geographically formed as they are natural borders, dividing Kosovo and its neighboring countries by high mountains and forests.
According to MAFRD, “The total standing volume on public forestland is estimated at about 33.5 million m3”(Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural    Development, 2010-2020).                                                                     

Figure (1) – Terrain of Kosovo    

      According to REC Kosovo’s forests are categorized as follows:

     • Broadleaved forest, created through natural seeding, covering more than 90% of forest area.  Dominating broadleaved species are Oak and Beech.

     • Coniferous forest, covering 7% of the total forest area, and is dominated by Abies alba, Picea abies and Pinus species.

     • Remaining 3% consists of a number of broadleaved species.   (Regional Environmental Center, 2009)
       
       Box (1) – Division of Kosovo’s forests 

Deforestation in Kosovo

Due to the fact that Kosovo has so much land categorized as forests, forest lands and fallow lands, its reality leaves much room for deforestation. Such is the present where deforestation continues to be one of Kosovo’s biggest environmental damages. According to Behxhet Mustafa, Head of Kosovo Association of Ecologists, “The current situation amounts to ecological destruction, forests are being destroyed, they are being massacred,” (Balkan Investigative Reporting Network, 2008). According to REC, “Bearing in mind that Kosovo is surrounded by high mountains the following are the threats to the environment:

• Erosion in mountains area
• Deforestation and degradation of forest land
• Reduction of flora and fauna
• Natural disbalance
• Reduction of O2 emission
• Climate change
• Flooding of agricultural fields
• Change of environmental landscape 

(Regional Environmental Center, 2009).

For Kosovo, The Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning stated that the following endanger Kosovo’s forests, “1) illegal wood-cutting, 2) diseases and pests, 3) poor quality forest structure, 4) insufficient use of forest land capacity, 5) insufficient implementation of silvicultural measures, and 6) forest land degradation due to stone and gravel extraction (Ministry of Environmental and Spatial Planning, 2006). Whilst, according to the World Bank, “In forestry, the most urgent environmental problems are deforestation and degradation of forest land caused by uncontrolled gravel extraction, illegal logging, pests and diseases, and forest fires” (World Bank, 2007).

Reporting from MAFRD at present, “40% of public forestlands and 29% of private forestlands have been subject to uncontrolled or illegal harvesting activities. By all standards these figures are very high. The situation is most critical in coniferous forest where the entire existence of large forest areas is put at risk if no strong and immediate actions are taken,” (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, 2010-2020).

In the spirit of protection, Hajredini states, “Forests are also diverse ecosystems. They provide a wide range of important habitats, give shelter, reduce the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, act as “green lungs” in urban areas, add to the diversity of the landscape and ultimately to the quality of life,” (Hajredini, n.d.). Elaborating further on this, the quality of life will continually deteriorate with the increase of deforestation as forests are key elements of human health and environmental wellbeing.  

                                                                  
Figure (2,3) - Illegal logging and Forest Fires

Main Causes of Deforestation

            Though deforestation in Kosovo is prevalent, is it is basically due to: easy access to woodlands, undefined and uncontrolled national borders and weak implementation of environmental laws. These three, when combined become almost a type of encouragement to those wishing to misuse the environment to order to gain economic benefits.

Easy access to woodlands

Easy access to woodlands makes it possible for one to easily achieve their goal of woodcutting as the woods are close to reach. According to Ergin Hajredini’s report, “Summary of Climate Change Dimensions,” woodcutting is more widespread in places close to roads. Hajredini notes, “Harvesting is concentrated in areas with easy access and increasingly the allowable volume is located in remote areas where access is difficult,” (Ergin Hajredini, n.d.). Having stated this, one understands that where forests are low in altitude, the legal allowable amount that can be cut is overthrown, whereas the woods that are hard to reach are only cut to the extent that it is even acceptable by law.  

Due to Kosovo having vast forests and forest lands covering almost half of its whole territory, it does not pose any problem for one to access these areas, especially when these areas are close roads and highways. An unfortunate reality is that easy access leads to two major problems: Illegal woodcutting, and forest fires. These issues are considered to be two serious concerns, as they are also dangerous actions that not only harm the actor but also innocent bystanders. As stated in the EULEX online News “Some forest fires, which can pose a real threat to villages and people’s lives, are believed to have been started by illegal wood cutters trying to cover their tracks. The activity has also increased tensions between different communities. Suffice it to say, it is a real problem.” (EULEX News, 2012).

According to EULEX online news, “Illegal logging comes in many forms in Kosovo including logging from public forests without permission, logging in protected areas, false declaration of volume of harvested wood and illegal logging from private forests: Smuggling and illegal accounting practices, extend the list further,” (EULEX News, 2012). As stated by the World Bank, “Informal estimates suggest that approximately 100,000 m3 per year are cut illegally,” (World Bank, 2007) this means that an additional half of what is allowed by law is illegally cut since the “KFA annually allowance for logging in low forests is 130,000 m3 while high forests are allowed 70,000 m3” (Ferim Gashi, 2010).  Nevertheless, Muzafer Luma, Executive director of Kosovo Forestry Agency, assured that the KFA, was doing its work properly in order to stop this needless destruction. He noted, “There are about 8,200 cases, which have been proceeded in courts regarding illegal actions concerning Kosovo’s forests,” whilst pointing out cases of illegal logging and attacks against foresters or forest guards. (Balkan Investigative Reporting Network, 2008).

As wood in Kosovo is primarily used for heating purposes, the amount cut is constantly increasing. According to BIRN, “Firewood is highly valued in Kosovo because it provides in many cases, the only energy source for heating and cooking in most rural households due to energy cuts,” (Balkan Investigative Reporting Network, 2008). Noted by REC, “Official wood cutting (also referred to as logging) was around 200.000m3/year where most of this timber was used for heating. Currently demand is higher, it is estimated that national need for timber is 1 million m3 /year,” (Regional Environmental Center, 2009). Seeing that the need for heating will never seize, alternatives must be found in order to ensure both; ability for heating the population [including alternative sources of heating] and also protect the forests and forest lands.  

       However, the problem remains the fact that at present, “The gap between demand and supply is 4 times more demand than supply. The impact of the difference on the demand and supply is one of very important factors of illegal logging and import of wood, in order to reach the state of equilibrium of demand and supply,” (Regional Environmental Center, 2009). With the statistic of 4/1 in mind, and the fact that forests are easy to access, it is difficult to envision a positive turnaround anytime soon. 

Undefined and Uncontrolled Borders

Because Kosovo continues to have political difficulties, one of the most important aspects of a country’s sovereignty has not been finished yet.  This is the regrettable truth that Kosovo’s borders have not been fully determined and recognized internationally, leading to many troubles arising from it. Issues that have been raised are illegal woodcutting and wood theft due to undefined and uncontrolled border lines.  

Moreover, the lack of defined borders equals lack of legal implementations and control. Thus, “The lack of capacity to protect forests in Kosovo means that publicly and privately owned forests particularly at the border/boundary are vulnerable and a prime target of wood thieves,” (EULEX News, 2012). As noted by Robby Zocher, “If you happen to be a well organized criminal individual, with resources to hand, money is figuratively growing in trees and there for the picking,” (EULEX News, 2012).

Pursuant to the SaferWorld Report, “Local government officials allege the destruction of Kosovo’s forest resources by Montenegrin authorities,” (Drawing Boundaries in the Western Balkans, 2011). According to this report, “Resentment has arisen in the buffer zone between Montenegro and Kosovo over damage to and theft of forest resources – perceived by each side to have been illegally exploited and damaged by the other,” (Drawing Boundaries in the Western Balkans, 2011).Seeing that Kosovo’s forests and mountains are important to Kosovo’s economic development, Montenegro does not fully understand the extent to which it is damaging Kosovo. As much as it has environmental and economic damages, it also causes political conflicts seeing that relations between countries deteriorate in these kinds of circumstances.

Weak Implementation of Environmental Laws

For a newly independent country that lacks in many aspects of governmental control, one would not expect Kosovo to have so many completed laws regarding the environment: the usage, planning, and protection of it [see box below]. By having so many laws pertaining to the environment, we can see that Kosovo aims at European Union integration, as the EU requires sophisticated regulations and laws for all spheres of society.  According to Hajredini, “Forests are a key resource for the economic, social and environmental well-being of the people of Kosovo. A high proportion of Kosovo’s biodiversity is forest based, and forest management will have a key future role in meeting Natura 2000 network requirements under the EU Birds and Habitats Directives,” (Hajredini, n.d.).

The aforementioned laws are: Law on Environmental Protection 1, Law on Nature Protection 2, Law on Special Protective Zones 3, Law on Forests 4, Law on Spatial Planning 5 Law on Strategic Environment Assessment 6, Law on Agricultural Land,7, Law on Cultural Heritage 8, and Law on Construction 9

Box (2) – The Republic of Kosovo, Laws pertaining to the Environment

In compliance with MAFRD, “Kosovo has embarked upon the process of harmonization of legislation and standards with those of the European Union, whereby the expectations are that the various sectors building up the economy will be modernized and restructured. (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, 2010-2020). The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development (MAFRD) is the highest governmental authority in charge of forestry. At central level it has two main forestry branches – the Department of Forestry (DoF) and the Kosovo Forest Agency (KFA). (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, 2010-2020).   

According to the Country Environmental Analysis, “The environmental priorities for the next five years are completing environmental legislation in harmony with the EU acquis; gradually fulfilling EU standards and efficiently carrying out and incorporating environmental legislation and methodologies in all sectors; and setting up and expanding institutions for the implementation of environmental policies [including capacity building,]” (Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, 2012). Nevertheless, as stated by O’Mahony, “Central to the European ideal is the obligation of the authorities to protect property and that of its people. Any weakness of the authorities in this area increases the risk that people feel forced to take the law into their own hands with, possibly, fatal results,” (EULEX News, 2012), meaning that if wished to be granted entrance into the EU, the Government must ensure adequate protection and security to all inhabitants of Kosovo, including those dealing with breaches of property due to illegal wood cutting/logging.

Nonetheless, like any other new country, the laws on paper do not necessarily accompany the proper execution of what is expected of them. Therefore in Kosovo implementation of laws is not fully executed and the few implemented laws are not fully respected. As highlighted in a report on Kosovo legal implementation, “the lack of qualified staff, lack of resources for information campaigns, lack of training, and weak capacity of institutions for monitoring and co-ordination are just some of the difficulties, which are reinforced by the instability of the legal framework and by a dysfunctional public administration,” (Administrative Legal Framework, 2009).

    This weak implementation of laws and regulations has lead to many misuses of Kosovo’s environment, one of them being deforestation. Current undertakings in Kosovo’s forests and fields are precisely happening due to lack of legally imposed sanctions, causing one to believe that hurting the environment will not be punished. These actions include: uncontrolled use of forests for timber and wood, construction sites in national parks, and deforestation in nationally protected zones: equaling quite the contrary of what one would expect under the law.

Impeding Deforestation

  In less developed countries, people will continue to look for cheap and easy alternatives to making money, which is exactly what timber cutting is: an easy alternative. Unfortunately, deforestation is not an issue that can be dealt with easily. As the fundamental reason behind wood cutting is economic benefit, this leads to the need for economic and social welfare improvements. As stated by MAFRD, “Forestry and forest industry are important elements of the Kosovo economy. This is especially true in rural areas where a considerable portion of the population receives its livelihood through forest operations. (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, 2010-2020).

    Since so much of Kosovo’s population is dependent on these forests for wellbeing, it is reported that. “In general 8%-10% of the population generates income or in other words creates livelihood from the forestry and forest industry, but in rural areas the percentage is estimated around 20%. The total value of goods from forestry is estimated 50-75 million euros. Contribution of the forestry sector in GDP is approximately 1.8%-2.6%, (REC, 2009).

    Due to deforestation being more prevalent in less developed countries, the governments will have to work hard to provide better welfare for the citizens in need. In Kosovo, this would mean the country generating more jobs so that people do not turn to wood cutting for a living. 

What has been done so far?

So far, numerous programs and projects have been implemented with regards to protecting the environment and also reforestation. Some of these programs and projects are:

• The Emergency Rehabilitation Project during the years 1999 – 2000
• The Forest Institutional Capacity Building Project during the years 2001-2003
• The Forest Inventory Project conducted during the years 2002-2003
• Support in implementing a Forest Sector program 2004-2006

These aforementioned programs and projects have been made possible by generous donations from various countries of the world. This is another present issue, as with current limited funding not many new projects can be implemented. Nevertheless, since Kosovo aims at EU integration, it must find a way to access the IPA financial instruments, of the European Commission. These would aid new development for environmental damage protection. 

In addition, The Environmental Protection Agency has acted upon reforestation. As we can see in the figure below, this amount has increased during the years. This project has been aided by a political commitment called “one young plant, one inhabitant” that aimed to plant almost 2 million young trees symbolizing one per inhabitant

Graph (1) Forestation Surfaces  in ha.                           

(Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency, 2011)

Because of the beautiful hillsides, mountains, and forests Kosovo has, its tourism could be sharply developed, yet the current deforestation rates make the beauty lessen each day. As a national economic benefit Hajredini states, “There are also possibilities to develop hunting and agro-cum-eco-tourism. The multiple benefits of forests can only be assured if they are managed wisely and in line with principles of sustainable forest management (SFM),” (Hajredini, n.d.). An additional SFM idea is that “Most sawmills in Kosovo only saw logs into rough, mixed grade lumber, and do not appear to recognize, or have not yet explored, the potential value of waste products from lumber production, i.e. sawdust and wood chips,” (Regional Environmental Center, 2009). Therefore, Kosovo must also be willing and able to use scarce resources efficiently, in turn saving woodlands. 

Country Comparison

A country that has approximately the same geographical characteristics [also population wise] has implemented proper legislation in order to ensure protection of the environment is Slovenia. Slovenia’s national assembly, in 2005, came up with a new Resolution on the National Environmental Action Programme, also known as NEAP,  aiming to improve the environment, the quality of life, and to protect natural resources, (Slovenia.si, 2012). Moreover, this policy has ensured a sustainable environment, such as, the infrastructure, settlement, and organization of the economy.  

CONCLUSION

Environmental issues have become imperative in recent years, as the relationship between a healthy environment and societal welfare has had much scientific and social attention.  However, there remain troubles with environmental protection, as it requires a cocktail of action to be taken.

In Kosovo, one of the most prevalent issues remains Deforestation. Nevertheless, it is not an issue that can be dealt with easily as it entails many economic difficulties by its sole existence. However, with proper environmental protection documents and legislation followed by legal enforcement, Kosovo will be able to combat this hideous reality that leads to forest depletion.  Deforestation has been increasing continuously due two three major factors that have been taking place in Kosovo which are easy access to woodlands including illegal woodcutting and forest fires, undefined boarders, and the weak implementation of Kosovo laws regarding forestry.

There have been many projects which have been implemented aiming to improve the current situation regarding deforestation in Kosovo, which include the Emergency Rehabilitation Project, the Forest Institutional Capacity Building Project, the Forest Inventory Project, and the Support in implementing a Forest Sector program. These projects and programs have been made possible through the generous from different countries around the world.

 Furthermore, for a newly formed country, Kosovo has many laws related to the well being of the environment, respectively forests. However, these laws have not yet found a profound and strong implementation, since there are still many flaws when dealing with prevention of deforestation. Some of the laws mentioned on this research paper were: Law on Environmental Protection, Law on Nature Protection, Law on Forests, and many other ones, which if implemented properly would have resulted with a relevant way of forest protection.

In the end, forests play an important role for the well being of the citizens of Kosovo, especially the residents living in villages surrounded by forests. These parts offer us great views and sensations, and above everything they are the lungs of our environment. If we do not protect our forests we have to be aware of the fact that we will hurt the nature surrounding us but we will hurt the society as well.

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