Team Vision for Integrated System Build & Test Phase
At the end of the previous phase we had the motion and extruder systems largely put together, but they were missing some components in order to test the integration of the subsystems with the Duet. Specifically, the motion axes were not completely mounted to the frame due to issues we ran into during frame assembly and the extruder motor was not tested with the SSR/Duet because we were still in the process of testing nozzles/overall extruder design before integrating it with the electronics. During this phase we hoped to test the Extruder and Motion Subsystems against the Engineering Requirements to ensure that they were met. Along side this, Hopper was to be manufactured and test however issues found in the motion subsystem testing and time to manufacture the hopper has not been able to be tested. In addition, the the configuration files for the Duet for the control of the system were to be further developed to ensure proper configuration for full system testing.
Summarize:
- This phase consisted of the testing of the extruder to ensure that it met Engineering Requirements. This testing saw the discovery of a handful of engineering requirements that would need to be changed.
- The motion system was to be completely assembled and tested. This process found several parts that needed to be remanufactured due to tolerance issues.
- The Hopper was to be built and tested this phase but this was not possible to be fully completed due to the higher priority that was placed on the motion refits.
- The Duet was to have a proper configuration file developed for both extrusion speed and motion control. Extrusion speed was able enter late development but the motion system took more time to get started as the system was being properly assembled and functioning preceded the development of the configuration controls of the motion for the duet.
Test Results Summary
During this phase the team was able to continue some preliminary testing and begin official testing of our engineering and customer requirements. The Requirements and Test Plans file provides detailed coverage of these plans and their current results. Below is a highlight of what the team completed this phase.
Preliminary Testing
Along the way to completing the printer, several preliminary tests were conducted. These are listed below with a description and results. Some results warranted additional work that is shown in section "Major Adjustments".
Preliminary Testing | Description | Results |
|---|---|---|
| Duet, SSR, and simple LED circuit | Created a small circuit to verify Duet/SSR and PWM control. Circuit was an LED, and three 100 ohm resistors connected in series. | Success: Found that the system works at low frequencies (<10Hz), but anything beyond 10Hz results in increasing error between commanded Duty Cycle and actual Duty Cycle. This is due to the SSR not being able to switch fast enough. |
| Reservoir Structure | Redefined materials and shape, changed the method of manufacture form fiberglass to welded steel, redefined the tubing diameter. | Major Changes: Please see below for explanation. |
| Tubing between Reservoir and Extruder | Tubing to be purchased has been adjusted based on availability. | Major Changes: See below |
| Motion testing - Y | Team ran motion through the duet to see if a full Test could be conducted | Major Change: Ball screw binding, see below |
| Motion testing - Z | Team ran motion through the duet to see if a full Test could be conducted | Major Change: Ball screw binding inconsistently due to rails catching, see below |
Test Results
After the summary table break down into the major test that were conducted.
Test | Results |
|---|---|
| S1-Inter-Print Repeatability | Not tested at this time |
| S2-Teardown test | Not tested at this time |
| S3-Cleaning Time | Not tested at this time |
| S4-Extruder Bead and Flow | Tested the mortar extruder subsystem with nozzles. Tested nozzles of various designs, quantified extruder reliability, min bead width, max bead width, and bead width deviation. Created mortar test structures. Requirements: ER13 (Nozzle Shape)- Does not meet expectation ER17 (Extruder Flow Reliability)- Meets marginal value ER27 (Min bead width)- Does not meet expectation ER28 (Max bead width)- Meets marginal value ER30 (Bead width deviation)- Meets marginal value |
| S5-Intra-Print Repeatability | Not tested at this time |
| S6-Strength Test of Print | In Progress (started developing tests during extruder tests) |
| S7-Student Usability Testing | Not tested at this time |
| S8-Printer Measurements | In Progress |
| S9-Reservoir Capacity & Delivery | Not tested at this time |
| S10-Complex Geometry | Not tested at this time |
| S11-Duet & Extruder Integration | Tested the control of the DC wiper using a solid state relay and PWM output from Duet. Found that the SSR is limiting the PWM frequency to a max of 20 Hz. Extruded mortar with this setup. Tested for the minimum and maximum concrete mass flowrate, adjustability, air bubble size, and air bubble composition. Created mortar test structures. Requirements: ER05 (Min mortar mass flow rate)- Meets marginal value ER06 (Max mortar mass flow rate)- Caution only first test point met marginal value ER24 (Adjustable flow rate of mortar)- Meets marginal value ER26 (Air-bubble radius)- Meets marginal value ER29 (Air-bubble bead composition)- Meets marginal value |
Requirement Changes
During testing we realize some of our initial engineering requirements were more strict than they needed to be for this project. This lead to failed tested when the system was acceptable for the task it is given. We learned we would fail our testing based on non-critical metrics which required the team to reflect and make adjustments. These changes are shown below.
| Engineering Requirements | Change |
|---|---|
| ER05 | Modified: Set a minimum value but learned that operating below that value was still acceptable for the application of this project. Target range was expanded to accommodate our achieved minimum mass flow rate. |
| ER28 | Modified: Set a maximum but learned that operating above that value was still acceptable for the application of this project. Target range was expanded to accommodate our maximum bead width. |
Major Adjustments
During our preliminary testing, some problems arose that required more attention to make adjustments. This section highlights some major changes made.
| Cause | Remedial adjustments made | Additional Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Change in material choice for hopper | Originally the plan was to make the hopper from a combination of MDF, 2x4 studs, and fiber glass. After talking to RIT Machine shape and having scrap steel provided and assistance with welding it was decided that it would be best to make the hoper of sheet metal. This change also required a shape change from a square truncated pyramid shape to a triangular truncated pyramid shape. The new design is pictured below: | The material has been cut and is currently being welded by the machine shop. This should be completed no later than Monday. The tube attachment point will be JB welded aluminum tube as it was not possible for us to find scrap steel tube. |
| Hopper Tubing was found to be too small for concrete delivery. Unable to purchase 2" tubing. | The tubing diameter was changed to 3in corrugated flexible tubing. An example of the tubing can be found at: Link | Diameter of exactly 3in tubing isn't easy to find in reasonable lengths a discussion to going up to 3.5 in diameter would allow for reasonable lengths of tubing to be purchased. |
| Right hand y axis ball screw binding | Redesigned X-to-Y mount to allow a better fit. Disassembled ball screw assembly to verify alignment and add steel ball bearings. | Y binds at specific location still however can traverse 94% of required movement and 86% of the ballscrew length |
| Z axis ball screw binding sometimes. Appears to be due to rails catching | Created parts to connect left and right y axis so they move together, hopefully fixing the issue. | Fix not implemented yet, possible the rails and y axis 8020 will need to be replaced and/or redesigned. |
| Mortar extruder cannot extrude through nozzles | Bead width adjustments can be done through varying bed to nozzle z-offset and extruder mass flow rate. Many different nozzle designs, sizes, and shapes were tested but we were unable to get any of them to work. We will continue discussion with our guide and customer to try to remedy this ongoing issue. |
Risk and Problem Tracking
Our updated Risk Management Tracking. Below is a high level overview of what we have addressed the last few weeks.
Risk Changes | Reasoning |
|---|---|
| Hopper system leaks concrete | Mitigate: Adjusted plans to the hopper should limit the possibility of this risk. |
| Not enough funding | Mitigate: Watching our budget very closely. Have a list of all items potentially need based on priority. We should be within our budget. |
| Managing the elevated weight of the cement mixture (120 lbs) | Mitigate: With new location, a 1/2 ton motorized lift is available for our use. This eliminates some risks the reservoir previously held. |
| Reservoir leaks material onto rest of systems/motors | Mitigate: Plans for a fiberglass reservoir have been made for a fully sealed reservoir. Some risks of leaks at joints exist. |
| Concrete Setting in Extruder | Remediate: Will develop clear cleaning instructions when full model is assembled. |
| Extruder does extrude mixture | Remediate: Growing chance this will happen, problems will be addressed based on the severity of the clogs when full model is complete. Concrete recipe may be modified. |
| Debugging code | Remediate: All code issues are being addressed as soon as they are noticed. |
| Concrete mixing system can't properly mix the concrete mixture | Transfer: No longer utilizing a mixing system. Users will hand mix material. The team will provide clear mixing instruction but cannot control how well solution is mixed. |
| Previous design does not meet our requirements | Accept: Some of the past teams designs are not exactly what we need. Some adjustments have been made and current team continuous to work with what we have. |
Functional Demo Materials
Include links to:
Plans for next phase
During this next phase, we plan on creating a solid, repeatable test script for the printer, now that the motion axes are complete. We also want to mount the extruder to the printer and have it print concrete using the previously mentioned test script. Properly set up the printer such that it can accept exported g code files from a slicing software. Run through system test methods and write the corresponding test reports in preparation for the customer hand off. Finally we plan to prepare the customer hand off report to conclude this project.
Task | Due | Sequence | Description | Time | Member |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Purchase Tubing for Hopper | 4/2/2021 | Nothing Preceding | Finalized tubing decision and purchase | 1 day | Nicola |
| Finalize Physical build | 4/21/2021 | ASAP | Make changes to physical build for final design | 1 week | Tyler |
| Finalize CAD | 4/28/21 | After physical changes are completed | Update CAD to match as close as possible to real life | 1 week | Tyler |
| Create CAD Physical pdf documentation | 5/5/2021 | To be done after CAD is complete | Create PDF documentation for creation, assembly, and disassembly of the printer | 1 week | Tyler |
| Create simple, repeatable, Gcode script for testing | 4/9/2021 | Nothing | Gcode script to send the motion in a simple circle, making a tall cylinder. Will use this to test extruder/printer integration. | 3 hours | Anthony |
| Add limit switches to system | 4/9/2021 | Nothing | Now that the extruder is set up and verified to be working we can begin the extruder/duet integration | 2 hours | Anthony |
| Electrical Documentation | 4/30/2021 | Nothing | Document all the electrical/software | 1 week | Anthony |
| Complete 75% of the writing for the Technical Paper | 4/15/2021 | In progress | Complete 75% of required writing for the technical paper. | 2 weeks | Entire Team |
| Complete 75% of the work for the Poster | 4/8/2021 | In progress | Complete 75% of required writing for the technical paper. | 1 week | Meghan |
| Final Copy of Technical Paper Submitted | 4/22/2021 | After Technical Paper rough draft is complete | complete final copy of the technical paper. | 1 week | Entire Team |
| Final Copy of Poster Submitted | 4/15/2021 | After poster rough draft is complete | Complete final copy of the poster. | 1 week | Meghan |
| Attach Safety Labels | 4/5/2021 | Nothing | Print all safety warnings and attach to printer in respective locations. | 3 days | Meghan |
| Finalize CAD models | 4/7/21 | Extruder testing is complete | Clean up file structure and finalize CAD models | 1 day | Derek |
| Create final wiring harnesses for extruder | 4/7/21 | Extruder testing is complete | Create wiring harness for extruder, SSR, and power supply | 1 day | Derek |
| Complete User Manual Rough Draft | 4/25/2021 | After entire printer is tested. | Develop the rough draft of the user guide including set up, running, teardown, recipe, and safety precautions. | 3 weeks | 2-3 member team |
| Complete Final copy of User Manual | 5/3/2021 | After rough draft is completed. | Finalize the User Manual. | 5 days | 2-3 member team |
| Conduct S1-Inter-Print Repeatability | 4/25/2021 | After printer is able to print concrete | Test the repeatability of samples within one print cycle | 5 days | 2-3 member team |
| Conduct S2-Teardown test | 4/25/2021 | To be done last, | Testing the disassembly procedure of the printer. Needs to be timed, number of tools needed should be tracked, and size should be measured. | 5 days | 2-3 member team |
| Conduct S3-Cleaning Time | 4/25/2021 | To be done after any one of our full system tests | Time how long it takes to full clean all concrete from the printer. | 5 days | 2-3 member team |
| Conduct S5-Intra-Print Repeatability | 4/25/2021 | After printer is able to print concrete | Testing the repeatability of geometries within one print job. A standardized sample will be printed 10 times within one print job. | 5 days | 2-3 member team |
| Conduct S6-Strength Test of Print | 4/25/2021 | After printer is able to print concrete | Test the compressive strength of a printed concrete sample. | 5 days | 2-3 member team |
| Conduct S7-Student Usability Testing | 4/25/2021 | After printer is able to print concrete | Walk through the entire printing process and determine areas of improvement in the procedures etc. | 5 days | 2-3 member team |
| Conduct S8-Printer Measurements | 4/25/2021 | After tear down test is conducted. | Ensure that the printer fit the specified size from the customer requirements. | 5 days | 2-3 member team |
| Conduct S9-Reservoir Capacity & Delivery | 4/7/2021 | After reservoir is complete | Print a complex design such as the arbor-loo or an active MSD team's prototype. If working with a current team we will have them walk through the whole process from set up to tear down. | 5 days | 2-3 member team |
| Conduct S10-Complex Geometry | 4/25/2021 | After printer is able to print concrete | Test to confirm that the printer can create complex prints such as concrete objects pervious MSD teams have needed to create. | 5 days | 2-3 member team |