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Aliu, Leonora. (2011, September). Lumi I Shkatërrimit të Madh. Jeta Në Kosovë. Retrieved September 12, 2012, from http://gazetajnk.com/?cid=1,978,92
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Ahmeti, Hysni. "Waste Management Report Dragash." N.p., 2010. Web. Retreived October 12, Oct. 2012 from <http://www.kosovo.undp.org>.
This is a report that talks about the waste management in Kosovo particularly Dragash. It is stated that waste management is regulated by the waste law which aims to protect human health as well as environment by reducing pollution, hazardous materials. This purpose was to be taken into consideration through waste management which would set conditions of preventing the environment and reducing hazardous waste trough the development of technology, use of certain cleaning products efficiently, the recovery of waste, use of waste as energy source, and restorations of waste.
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Further, this report provides definitions of the important types of waste as well as general definitions of some important terms such as; what is waste, residue, waste management, recycling, and so on. Moreover, there is a classification of waste, its generation, areas which are in and out of service, as well as data collected of the revenues, which initiated investments in the waste management field.
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Bashkëjetojnë me mbeturinat. (2012, May 24). Kosovo News Network - Ballina. Retrieved October 11, 2012 from http://www.knninfo.com/?page=1,29,52779This article describes the situation of pollution by the garbage in our country. Moreover, it also emphasizes that the pollution by the garbage is one of the main pollution problems in Kosovo. It is stated that this problem is not only present in Prishtina, but also in other cities. In addition, it is stated that the garbage can be found everywhere in the city. The article also discusses the initiative to collect the garbage and the importance of this initiative.
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Buza, S., & Duraku, R. (2009). National Background Report on Transport for Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244). Retrieved November 4, 2012, from http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CEAQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwbc-inco.net%2Fattach%2FNationalBackgroundReportonTransportforKosovo-UNMIK.pdf&ei=o2OWUMPtCKHi4QSkyYG4Ag&usg=AFQjCNFTj1J5gUk60nMMHjrKUfbEO4zwYg This 28-page report talks about transportation in Kosovo from the general perspective. It contains an executive summary which describes what it elaborates exactly.
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Cakaj, Trandelina (2007, December 15). "Projects." Energy Sector Clean Up and Land Reclamation Project. N.p., Retrieved October 12, 2012 from <http://search.worldbank.org/wprocnotices/procdetails/OP00004623>.This article talks about a project called “Kosovo Clean-Up and Land Reclamation Project” organized by KEK which was financed by International Development Association and intends to remove waste that KEK provides to the environment. The treatment includes removal of chemicals/wastes from the tank storage facilities, drums.Moreover, the hazardous waste is shipped outside Kosovo to certified treatment facilities. This shipping procedure takes eight months to ship.
Çollaku, P. (2012, February 20). Ishulli Aziatik Këshillon Kosovarët për Thëngjill . www.gazetajnk.com. Retrieved February 22, 2012, from www.gazetajnk.com/index.php?cid=1,978,1424
This article is published in an online newspaper called Jeta ne Kosove (Life in Kosovo) on February 20, 2012. This article talks about the advice given by the asian island - Borneo to Kosovar citizens to put pressure upon policy makers to stop the usage of coal for producing electricity. Borneo island sends encouragement to oppose Kosovo's plans to build coal-fired power plant. In a video on You Tube, the people of Borneo seen explaining their success in stopping power plant that would reveal 'the evil black' in the environment.
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Demi, A., & Sinani, N. (2011). Energy Projects in Kosovo, 24. Retrieved September 7, 2011, from http://www.kipred.net/web/eng.php?cid=2,3&id=2011
The article, "Energy Projects in Kosovo" has been recently published by the Kosovo Institute for Policy Research and Development together with GAP Institute and FIQ. The article mainly focuses on the privatization process of Kosova B thermal power plant. Also, it shows how the outside parties such as: Government of the Republic of Kosovo, World Bank, and the International Finance Corporation are associated with the problems which occur in energy related projects. Furthermore, this article mentions the standards of the European Union's latest energy policy objectives and where Kosovo stands within the obstacle.
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Heavy Metal emission from Trepca research shows environmental impact that a huge dormant lead and zinc mining facility, named Trepca causes. The natural science investigations have thus focused on to determine the extent of the heavy metal pollution of the nearby river and found that the mining waste is still a very significant source of heavy metal pollution to the river, where the levels of in particular lead and cadmium were found to many times higher than WHO standards.
On the basis of this it is argued that the heavy metal contamination of the area presents a significant health risk to the local population, and the project is proposed in order to tease out some valuable lessons and guidelines relating to environmental management that may be utilized in the post-conflict UN governed transition economy of Kosovo, a territory with no effective environmental management in the past.
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Energji Geotermike ne ndihme te mjedisit*. (2009, May 13). Retrieved September 19, 2010, from http://www.zeriamerikes.com/content/a-30-2009-05-13-voa7-85675327/432736.html*
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Energy Projects in Kosovo (2011). Retrieved from
http://books.google.com/books/feeds/volumes?q=http://www.kipred.net/web/upload/Energy_Projects_in_Kosovo.pdf :
This is an article written on September 2011, which presents a thorough analysis of the perspectives and roles of the main stakeholders that influence Kosovo's energy sector. It goes on to analyze the country's energy strategy, the energy market model, the privatization process, and the environmental issues. It concludes by addressing some of the open issues of environment, energy efficiency and alternative energy sources.
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Finnish Expertise to the Environment Sector of Kosovo, (2011). Embassy of Finland, Pristina. News. Retrieved from
http://www.finlandkosovo.org/Public/default.aspx?contentid=213846&nodeid=42563&culture=en-US
The highlight in this article was the project for the Environment Sector of Kosovo. The project is called a Twinning Project and is an initiative of European Commission to support countries, in this case Kosovo, to improve the environment. When EU Information and Cultural Center in Pristina had a meeting on February, Finnish scientist, Traja Fernandes, presented a Finnish part of this project, mainly concentrated in air quality of Kosovo, telling how this project has been successful in Finland. Furthermore, in the meeting besides they talked about the air quality, also with high importance was mentioned water in Kosovo. The EU member, Austria declared itself that it will help in improving water quality and managing water resources. Also, Latvia had other environmental projects for Kosovo which were successful for Latvia. All these countries had a mutual aim; to help Kosovo, as potential candidate country, meet the EU standards for environment.
Kosovo needs such projects to be implemented as soon as possible, since has problems with air quality and drinkable water indeed. In addition, it is known that these two are essential for a healthy life. If citizens of Kosovo would have access to better drinkable water, they would save lots of money by not buying plastic bottles. Moreover, plastic waste cause damages to ecosystem. Once they are thrown in oceans, lakes, rivers, plastics do not move and eventually become a part of food chain. Basically, we have more bottles just thrown away instead of being recycled. Also, to recycle a bottle takes a long time to be decomposed. Many environmentalists claim that plastic waste is more danger than global warming, since it releases carbon dioxide in atmosphere.
Fresse, D.S, Klitgaard, R., & Pedersen, E. K. (2003/2004). Environmental Management in Kosovo – Heavy Metal emission from Trepca. TekSam. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from http://rudar.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/210/1/Environmental_management_in.pdf
The authors offer some guidelines and valuable lessons on environmental management in Kosova, particularly relevant to side effects caused by lead and zinc mining facilities in the Trepca region. The article argues that the heavy metal emissions from this area represent a high risk level for the local population. In addition to this, the authors continue into claiming that Kosova should focus more on environmental issues, as part of sustainable economic growth. I think this article gives some indication as to what extent environmental issues impact individuals, but it also contributes toward realizing that such concerns need immediate reaction that would lessen the negative consequences from it.
This is a project that focuses on the environmental impact that a huge dormant lead and zinc mining facility - Trepca causes. The project have focused on the pollution that have metals cause to the nearby river.
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*Georgiev, Tomislav. (2011). "Poisoning Kosovo." **Set Times. Retrieved September 20, 2011, from* <www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/photo_essay/setimes/photo_essay/2011/06/22/||||||\
This article is for one of the major environmental problems that Kosovo faces that ishe pollution from old electrical plants and mine facilities of Obilic. Furthermore, this article tells of the pollution that is above any standard and the effects that it has in people-causing 5000 people to die from cancer each year.
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Global Fuel Economy Initiative (2010, May 6). Retrieved November 2, 2012, from http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&ved=0CFIQFjAI&url=http://www.globalfueleconomy.org/documents/publications/wp3_cleaner_more_efficient_vehicles.pdf&ei=c6aRUP2LKc3O4QTyl4HICg&usg=AFQjCNG23KjV6w9qA0Kr_ItXErpSoC1Nag This article is about energy efficiency in transport in Central and Eastern European countries. There is a little section which talks only about Kosovo.
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Hakaj,N.(2006, September 12-15). Air pollution from lignite-based electricity generation in Kosovo. Department of Environment. Retrieved: (February 21, 2012) from: http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/sap/2006/graz/presentations/04-03.pdf
This is a presentation based on a survey of Kosovo's Department of Environment. This survey shows the energy sector of Kosovo as an enermous polluter, especially KEK which faces structural problems and efficiency along all stages of value adding. According to this survey, the integrated power system consists of two lignite mines Bardh and Mirash, two Thermal power plans (Kosova A, B). Bardh's and Mirash's mines produce 7 million tons/year of lignite. Two biggest basins are Kosova's lignite basin and Dukagjini's basin lignite. This article shows the biggest problems that KEK face today; old plants with exceeded lifetime, high technical and commercial losses and the third biggest problem is high operational cost. Burning these huge amounts of coal causes emmisions to air. According to this presentation, the most important emissions to air from the combustion of lignite are SO2, NOx, CO2, particulate matter, heavy metal. This presentation is worthy to read.
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Hakaj, N., Balaj, N., & Hoxha, V. (2007, November 23). **Kosova- energy and environmental challenges to **{}{{*}}security_. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from* http://archive.rec.org/natoworkshop/draft_papers/hakaj_kosova.pdfhttp://archive.rec.org/natoworkshop/draft_papers/hakaj_kosova.pdf
This research paper talks about the environmental challenges that Kosovo faces from the pollution that is caused by the old power plants in Obiliq and the dirty coal mines right next to them. It is based on other research that has been done in this field and it is written in English. Its main objective is to reduce the environmental impacts of the energy use and to promote environmental awareness to the people. It also discusses in general the power-plants and the coal mines aside their effects of pollution to the environment.
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*Hyseni, V. (2009, December 8). BBCAlbanian.com | Rajoni | Kosova dhe problemet e klimës. **BBC - Homepage. Retrieved September 17, 2011, from* http://www.bbc.co.uk/albanian/reghttp://www.bbc.co.uk/albanian/reg
This is an online article titled "Kosovo and Climate Problems" and it written in Albanian by the author Violeta Hyseni, published in BBC Albanian website. The article focuses on the impact of Kosovo in the Global Warming and besides being a small country it still contributes to the problem of Global Warming. The article also emphasizes the case of giant thermo centrals that release a high volume of CO2 and the negative effects of this discharge to the community and surrounding environment. Some of the serious problems of Kosovo's environment such as: lack of green spaces, deforestation, and energy production are also mentioned. There are also some surveys included where citizens clearly express their worries about Kosovo's environment. However, by interviewing people the journalist find out that although a small country, Kosovo does not contribute to much on Global Warming but its officials has to take care about the community health by making improvements in most prominent fields of energy and industry. On the other hand, environmentalists argue that the environmental issues have been left aside in Kosovo because of the huge economic problems that the country is facing.
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Hoxha, V. (December 2010). Development of an Air Quality Monitoring Network for Kosovo. Prishtine: Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, Department of Environment.
The article in general is related to air quality monitoring in Kosovo. It also has a special focus on systematic pollution that causes healthy issues regarding Ferronikel factory in Drenas. It remind us with the effects of toxins emission from Ferronikel and the re-activation of it appears a serious environmental issue for the community.
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I love clean Kosovo, UNDP (2011), Retrieved from http://www.kosovo.undp.org/?cid=2,26,1041
Article on the UNDP official website, presented the campaign I love Kosovo, In order to raise people's awareness of environmental issues and to encourage eco-friendly practices. This event, funded by UNV and UNDP, took place during World Environment Day on the 5th June 2011 in Germia Park, well-known as the favorite destination of Pristina/Prishtina inhabitants for walking and hiking in nature just outside the city.
Balise Wiki
In this article the author, J. Ismaili, explains how public opinion plays a great role in the environmental issues. Based on the USAID's program for primary and secondary schools, the environmental awareness should be increased through the children of younger ages, firstly. They organized a competition on designing the best plastic bottle compressor, so that students can organize the plastic garbage in the schools and sell it to the recycling companies. This way USAID plans to educate a whole generation toward environmental issues, and increase their awareness about harmful activities in the environment.
Islami, J. (2011, October). USAID organizon konferencë për të filluar riciklimin në Kosovë. Retrieved from http://sq.bep-ks.org/blog/2011/10/24/usaid-organizon-konference-per-te-filluar-riciklimin-ne-kosove/
In this article the author tells us about a conference that has been held by USAID. This conference was about making people aware about toxic garbage's in rural areas of Kosovo.
this conference was supported by MASHT and MMPH the name of the conference was "basic education." Different NGO's and Municipalities came to an agreement that building recycling centers was something achievable.
Isufi, Florim, Gani Gashi, Ibrahim Ramadani, and Shpejtim Bulliqi. "Electric Power, Environmental Problem in Kosovo." (2007). Print.
This paper starts by giving general information about Kosovo's main sources of energy, its power plants capacities, and it makes comparisons with neighbor states. As mentioned in the paper the main concerns tend to be the destructing environment, and the health of people living in Obilic and Hade. Authors point to dust as the main variable indicating these changes. But, also the article brings up also what are the effects of these environmental issues in socio economic sense. So, as a result we have change in the use of land, demography changes, population migrations, etc.
Iniciativa Kosovare per Stabilitet. (2009).Thinking green. (p. 32). Prishtine: Iniciativa Kosovare per Stabilitet.Retrieved from http://iksweb.org/Photos/Publikimet/Images/T%C3%AB_Mendosh_Gjelb%C3%ABr/enThinking_Green.pdf
'Thinking Green' presents a picture of the environmental situation in Kosova today and the way the national and municipal governments handle it, particularly in the municipalities of Prishtina and Obiliq. It touches the issues of air and water pollution in more details, though it talks generally about environmental degradation. Further this paper analyzes the legal framework for environmental issues.
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Kasapolli, A. (2011, March 4). Evropa e Lirë. Ndotja kërcënon banorët e Obiliqit - Radio Evropa e Lirë © 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2011, from http://www.evropaelire.org/content/article/3545433.htmlThis article deals with air pollution engendered by KEK, which is the main electricity supplier in the country. During 2011, 14 cases with cancer were discovered because of air pollution. This represents an increase compared to 2010. Also, officials from the power plant claim that they have started to work on projects that cost approximately 50 million in order to prevent damages caused by air pollution.
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This article talks about the new import criteria of cars in Kosovo. It says that the government loosened those criterias in 2011 in order to receive 20 mio. euros more.
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Leonora, A. (2011, September 25) "Lumi i Shkatërrimit të Madh" Gazeta Jeta në Kosovë. Retrieved 'January 10, 2012' , from http://gazetajnk.com/?cid=1,978,92 
This article talks about an environmental problem – illegal exploitation of sand from the river banks in Kosovo. This environmental problem in Kosovo is probably one of the most important ones since it is spread all around Kosovo, and it is causing deaths and environmental degradation. This article is mainly focused in the degradation made along the banks of the river "Drini I Bardhë". Drini I Bardhë is the longest river in Kosovo (122 km long) and flows through the Western part of Kosovo. It is the most damaged river in Kosovo, and the deviations that are made in its banks are reflected in the ecosystem, respectively damaging the fertile land areas and water supply system. Moreover, there is an increased danger of floods. The article also includes some legal acts and decision that were made to stop this environmental degradation; however, the good results are not achieved yet.
Lulaj, L. (2011). "Mbeturinat, problem për kryeqytetasit". Gazeta 'Zëri'. Retrieved 'September 19, 2011', from
This is an article published in our daily newspaper "Zëri" called "Waste, a problem for people in the capital city".
The article discusses the problem of waste and the lack of containers to fulfill the needs of the citizens. Another problem discussed in this article is that of garbage being thrown everywhere (roads, parks, in front of the buildings) which is very harmful for the health of the people, especially in these periods of heat. The article includes also a short interview with the director of the company "Pastrimi"; a company collecting the waste in the city. Some opinions from citizens are also included in this article.
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Mainhardt, H., Sinani, N. (2012, August). Draft Country Environmental Analysis Fails to Account for Significant Pollution Costs. Retrieved from: http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.12669.aspxThis article can be classified as an addition to the World Bank Report on current Environmental issues in Kosovo. This article has identified key issues that this report does not cover or include, thus it has come so far as to lay out all the things that are missing.The World Bank report addresses Environmental issue costs and how much of a strain to the country they are, however have forgotten or neglected certain extra costs. This analysis says that the extra costs of environmental pollution are: lack of a comparison basis for all environmental pollution sources, underestimation of air pollution health costs, underestimation of environmental pollution, underestimation of water supply costs, underestimation of agricultural costs, underestimation of the mercury impact costs, and lack of any calculation of climate change costs.Due to not including such important costs, as the ones mentioned above, the BIC regards the World Bank Report as ‘failing’ to account for significant costs that account for environmental pollution. In addition, this article includes recommendations drafted by the Institute for Development Policy (INDEP), which are recommendations on what the World Bank should include in the report.
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Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, & Molano, S. (2002). **Environmental pollution impact in the health of the citizens of Kosovo. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from UNMIK website: http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/kosovo/SoE/14.htm
This page discusses briefly the impacts of the pollution on the health of the citizens of Kosovo with many statistics and informative graphs.
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING. (2006) "KOSOVO ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN 2006 – 2010." Retrieved 19 Sept. 2011.Balise Wiki
This link will take you to the PDF document where you can see an Action Plan for Kosovo Environment from 2006 to 2010
Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning.(2003) *{{color:#333333}}Kosovo State of The Environment Report{}. Rep. UNMIK. Retrieved 19 Sept. 2011. *Balise Wiki
This is the link to UNMIK report on environmental issues in Kosovo from 2003. It doesn't contain the latest info, but it might be useful for comparing the information from that time with presents ones.
Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning (April, 2006). Kosovo Environmental Action Plan 2006 – 2010. Retrieved 18 September, 2011 from http://waterwiki.net/images/b/b9/KosovoEnvActionPlan.pdf _ _
This is a plan prepared by Government of Kosova which describes some of the methodologies and strategies that KEAP (Kosova Environmental Action Plan) should do in order to solve environmental problems that our society is facing with such as pollution management, air quality management, waste management, health management. There are also included some other fields that are directly related to the society: energy, industry, transportation, agriculture, communication, technology, etc.
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In the article, Jeton Musliu focuses on the deadly amounts of pollution that are emitted by the KEK coal-fired power plant, known as Kosovo A. This power plant is very old and outdated and it was built long before safety regulations were considered to be a serious concern. The plant was supposed to be closed down between 2015 and 2017, so that Kosovo could begin to work towards the European Union’s standards and limits on Carbon emissions. However, according to this article, this idea of closing down Kosovo A power plant has “unofficially” been rejected, and KEK plans to keep the plant open until 2025. Musliu chose to visit the village of Dardhishtë and talk with the people who live there for this story because they are the people who are most endangered and most harmfully affected by the use of the coal-fired power plant and by KEK’s negligent activities and decisions. Many if not most, of these villagers include KEK employees and their families, which is one reason why they live within clear sight of the plant. Doctor Musli Mehaj, a specialist at the Institute of Medicine of Labor, believes Dardhishtë to be the most dangerous place to live in relation to the Kosovo A power plant. He says that they see between 200 and 300 patients a day, mostly KEK employees and their families, all suffering from repertory problems, and some with other illnesses as well. Of all of Kosovo, Dardhishtë has the highest rate of people who are affected by cancer. The issues of extreme air pollution, discussed in this article are very important because they are having deadly effects on the people living in villages near to the power plant. If the Kosovo A power plant is not closed down, the terribly polluted air will continue causing disease and death. This article is also something to consider in regards to the push to build a new coal-fired power plant in the corresponding area.
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Nannoni , F., Protano, G., & Riccobono, F. (2011). Uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy elements by two earthworm species from a smelter contaminated area in northern Kosovo. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43(12), 2359--2367. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.rit.edu/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.08.002
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Ndotja e ambientit - Armik i Kosoves. (2012, April 28). Retrieved September 12 2012, from http://koha.net/?page=1,13,97366
This newspaper article is talking about the environment issue in Kosovo which, day after day, is getting more and more serious. Some of the factors causing this problem are: the uncontrolled dumping of waste, the cutting of trees, the occupation of fertile land with buildings, the destruction of river banks, the phenomenon of burning industrial waste, and in particular the burning of tires for the 1st of May in Kosovo.
Nimani, A. (Oct 11, 2011). Kosovo for the first time fines industry polluter - Yahoo! News UK. In Kosovo for the first time fines industry polluter. Retrieved September 12, 2012, from http://uk.news.yahoo.com/kosovo-first-time-fines-industry-polluter-162058459.html.
It informs readers about a fine that was issued by the magistrate court in Drenas for the company Ferronikeli. As the title of the article illustrates, this was the first time a major polluter received a fine from a Kosovo court since the declaration of independence in 2008. Ferronikeli, which is one of the biggest nickel producers in the region, received the fine because it did not comply with environment protection rules and even violating them by polluting the water and air in central Kosovo. It illustrates that there has much to be done in Kosovo in order to create a sustainable environment that has an acceptable level of pollution. The mere fact that it needed more than three years after the independence to fine a giant polluter as Ferronikeli suggests that the environment seems not to have been a major priority of the relevant authorities.
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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE Mission in Kosovo. Lead contamination in Mitrovicë/Mitrovica affecting the Roma community. Retrieved from http://www.osce.org/kosovo/36234
"The air in Mitrovica has hundreds of times more than the iron powder is permissible, whereby statistics, Ibar edge city is among the most polluted cities in Europe", it was said in the open debate to representatives of NGOs, held in north Mitrovica. Representative of the Centre for the development of local environments said that one of the main positions emerging from this debate is that everyone should be aware of the importance of preserving the environment. Various reports have specified that this city contains very high amounts of lead in the air. This was confirmed after the return of some of KFOR soldiers from Scandinavian countries where, after analysis has emerged that high amount of lead in the blood endangers their lives. Pollution was confirmed a few weeks ago the Ministry of Environment through a study according to which Kosovo ground water and air is heavily polluted and should be started as soon as possible to protect their lives.
OSCE. (2008). Water supply issues in kosovo. Retrieved from http://waterwiki.net/images/f/f9/Water_supply_issue_in_kosovo-osce.pdf
This Research Paper written by the OSCE´s Monitoring Department deals with the Water supply issues that are present in Kosovo. It tells about water shortages that exists in Kosovo, as no household is provide with water for 24 hours, and it talks about the water management problems that exist. The article also deals with the future competences for water management and supply, including the financial and political problems that regard the realization of these projects. The article is originally written in eglish.
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Prathumratana, L., Kim, R., & Woong Kim, K. (2008, November). Heavy metal contamination of the mining and smelting district in mitrovica, kosovo. Proceedings of the international symposia on geoscience resources and environments of asian terranes, Bangkok, Thailand. Retreived from http://www.geo.sc.chula.ac.th/Geology/Thai/News/Technique/GREAT_2008/PDF/138.pdf
Mitrovica had the largest metallurgic and mining complex (Trepca) in Europe which commenced activities in 1993 with the extraction of lead, cadmium and zinc. Many industrial plants existed in the complex such as lead smelter, fertilizer production plant, refinery, battery factory, zinc electrolysis facility and a sulfuric acid plant. The significant amount of heavy metal pollutants were released to the surrounding area including populated residential areas and therefore associated with human health risk. The minority communities in three refugee camps in Mitrovica, Kosovo have been significantly exposed to environmental lead originated from large-scale mining and smelting industries since 1999. Even the smelter was closed down in 2000 by United Nations but the impacts of the abandoned mining dumps, tailing dams are still left behind. The initial risk assessment by WHO in 2004 indicated children’s blood lead levels in these communities are dangerously high. Soil contamination due to historical and ongoing pollution from these complexes is also considered as a key source of exposure. A systematic investigation for the soil contamination by lead and other heavy metals was performed in year 2006. Most soil samples contain significantly high lead amount exceeding the US Environmental Protection Agency standard of 400 mg kg-1. The highest amount of lead, 151,000 mg kg-1 with the average of 134,000 mg kg-1 was found in the sample close to the former smelter. Soil lead existed as relatively high amount of bioavailability fraction which may be confirmed with the recent study that no lead bearing phases could be observed directly by XRD. The resemble trend of lead isotope ratios (206Pb/207Pb) in tailings (1.175+0.003), soils from former smelter (1.175+0.014) and from the relocated area (1.173+0.011) revealed that tailings may be one source of lead. However, sustainable monitoring of environmental condition and continuous risk assessment are required to prevent lead and other heavy metal exposure in this area.
Pfeiffer, N. (2009). Kosovo and climate change. Prishtine: Balkan Investigative Reporting Network.Retrieved from http://kosovo.birn.eu.com/attachment/000000997.pdf
This article talks about climate change in Kosovo and it is said that "Kosovo is very small country and it has continental climate; it has warm summers and could winters." In this article it is also said that Kosovo have gone and experienced changing weathers due to floods and droughts. Due to climate change; 1.the warmer climate will reduce the availability for basic needs or elementary needs such as water for human use, food and security, and energy.2.Health risks warmer climate; illness, infectious diseases and malnutrition.
*"Preparatory Assistance to Sustainable Development in Dragas." **UNDP-Kosovo. N.p., n.d. Retrieved from* <
PROVISIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF SELF-GOVERNMENT Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning “Waste management is Kosovo” Retrieved October, 25 2012 from
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Most landfills built before the 1999 conflict were built and managed well below accepted standards.About, 35% of the population lives in urban areas and are services by municipal waste companies. Donors such as the EAR (European Agency for Reconstruction), have supported and financed programs for rehabilitation and closure of old municipal landfills (or dumpsites) and the reconstruction of new ones. The new landfills are constructed in accordance with European Union standards, (geological, hydrological, topographical studies were undertaken), and there still remain problems associated with the lack of maintenance and especially on treating the leachate from the landfills.The general urban waste in kg per person in daily/monthly report in Kosovo, for year 2002 (based on data from waste companies enterprises).
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Rexhepi, F., Rugova, A., Arbneshi, T. (2010). **Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ibër River* **{}Sediment{}**. Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia: BALWOIS. Retrieved in September 16, 2011, from* http://balwois.com/balwois/administration/full_paper/ffp-1681.pdf _ _
This research paper written by Fatos Rexhepi, Ardian Rugova, and Tahir Arbneshi in English was intended to determine the quantity of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in the sediment of the Ibër River as well as identification of the potential pollutants of this water. The authors conducted this study by the side of Department of Technology and the Department of Chemistry in University of Prishtina in 25, 29 May 2010.
This article written by Rexhepi, Rugova, and Arbneshi, contains a research over the heavy metal pollution in the aqua system, specifically in the Iber River. This river is a subject to this kind of pollution being very close to the major mines of lead and zinc in Zvecan and Mitrovica. The result from the research, which included an experiment of the water composition, showed that Iber contains copper, zinc, cadmium and increasing quotes of lead. This research gives data in one of the major environment related issue - that is water pollution. Thus it can be very useful in backing up the arguments over the water pollution in Kosovo.
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Rebuilding the Energy Sector in Kosovo. European Union. (2007). Prishtine: European Agency for Reconstruction.Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/ear/publications/main/documents/EnergyKosovoJuly07.pdf*http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/ear/publications/main/documents/EnergyKosovoJuly07.pdf*
This is a research paper, finance by the European Union and written by the European Agency for Reconstruction, regarding the new energy sectors that re going to be build in Kosovo. It gives information about the amount of money that has been invested up till now in Kosovo#s energy sector in order to maintain it, and it tells about the efficiency a new power plant would have.
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Report,The state of water in Kosovo. (n.d.). Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved September 19, 2011, fromwww.ammk-rks.net/repository/docs/raporti_ujerave_2010-angl.pdf (http:// www.ammk-rks.net/repository/docs/raporti_ujerave_2010-angl.pdf)
This is an annual report about the state of water in Kosovo, published by Kosovo Environmental Agency. This report shows the institutional legal frame work, the policies about the environment, the strategies on plans for water, the water resources available, the usage of water, the quality of water and the pollution on water.
Balise Wiki
In this article it is explained how a quite expensive, but a really environmental friendly technology started to get applied in Kosovo. In Gjakove, a young entrepreneur achieved to receive a grant from USA, which uses human waste to generate electricity, and artificial diesel. Since it uses human waste as a raw material, it helps on cleaning the environment, and reducing the fuel import up to 80 %.
Rusila, A. (2009, May1). UN death camps, EU money, local negligence. Retreived from http://arirusila.cafebabel.com/en/cbtag/15865
According to the World Health Organization and other UN organizations in Kosovo, more than 600 people were in serious health danger because of the mines in Mitrovica. The fact that after the war in Kosovo, nobody really cared about the environment and that there was lack of leadership to solve environmental issues, and especially this in Mitrovica. Further, the UNHCR has built these camps as a temporary solution, but the people who lived there stayed longer than 45 days.
According to some studies, the overall population in Mitrovica which has elevated levels of heavy metals, especially lead, but the samples from the three RAE IDP Camps had the most alarming lead levels in the blood. More than four years earlier the 2000 UNMIK report had also noted higher levels among RAE internally displaced persons (IDPs). According to WHO, a blood lead level of 10 micrograms per deciliter or below is acceptable. The measurements from
Ruzhdi Pllana., Vahdet Pruthi., Arsim Ejupi., Valbon Bytyqi.(2010). Water Resources Challenges in Kosovo and their Trans-boundary Impacts. Retrieved February 2012 from:http://balwois.com/balwois/administration/full_paper/ffp-2042.pdf
In this article published in May 2010 for a summit in Ohrid, Macedonia are explained the challenges of the water resources in Kosovo in the context of: socio-economic, natural, and trans-boundary impacts. It is also explained how geographical positions and terrain affected the flowing of Kosovo river system in the sea more specifically the Adriatic Sea, Black Sea, and Aegean Sea.
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Salihu, A., (2005, February 25). Kosovo Pollution Fears. **Institute for War & Peace Reporting.* *BCR Issue 513.Retrieved in September 17, 2011, from http://iwpr.net/report-news/kosovo-pollution-fears
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The town of Mitrovica is one of the cities with the highest air pollution, in particular with heavy metals. Source of air pollution are industrial dumps generated during metallurgical mining activities, chemical, and finalization of raw materials. In this context are explored the features of air pollution case suspended particles, chemical composition and their distribution. Monitoring of air pollutants with particles is conducted in different parts of the city, respectively, in urban and industrial zones. From the values obtained besed on chemical analysis of dust in the air, it follows that the presence of suspended particles containing heavy metals exceed the permitted values. In certain places even double then allowed values, 246,752 µg/m3. While the source of pollution in known, the amount of these pollutants reaches into millions of tons, it is urgend needed to prepare a strategic plan for rehabilitation and elimination of these landfills.unmigrated-wiki-markup
*\*Shah, A. (2001, July 14). Effects of Bombing on the Environment --- — Global Issues. \ *\**{*}{_}Global Issues: social, political, economic and environmental issues that affect us all --- — Global Issues{_}{*}*. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from\* \ [http://www.globalissues.org/article/131/effects-of-bombing-on-the-environment*
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This article is about the usage of depleted uranium (DU) by NATO in Kosovo during the bombing period in the war of 1999, which has put to risk the environment and the people in Kosovo as well as the entire Balkan region and other regions of Europe. What results as a major concern in this article, are the effects on the people who live near the bombed chemical factories and polluted rivers. Kosovo stands as the 13th biodiversity resource in the world. Yet, the UN agency that had gone to Kosovo, alleged that NATO air strikes have had a disastrous impact to Kosovo's environment by influencing the agriculture, industries, employment, essential services, land, air, rivers, lakes and underground waters as well as the food chain and public health Nevertheless, in 1999, environmentalists had warned that KFOR troops and civilians may be prone to the effects of using depleted Uranium such as the Gulf War Syndrome, or other diseases. Also the United Nations Human Rights Tribunal had made a call upon states in 1996, to restrain the production of mass destruction weapons containing depleted uranium. As mentioned in the article, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) depleted uranium contains both chemical and radiological toxicity which mostly affect kidneys and the lungs. At higher dosage DU effects may also lead to the risk of lung cancer and kidney damage. Although the issue was put to discussion, the author points out that the issues concerning the bombing and its effects still remain unquestioned by the mainstream.
This article focuses on the bombings in Kosovo. In addition, this article goes more in depth as to how the bombings affect more of out daily lives than we think. The bombing, and the illegal uranium which was used were referred to as a devastating impact. In addition, it was interesting to learn about how the bombings affected agriculture, land, and food chains and in addition, public health.
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Shala, Bexhet. "VLERËSIMI I NDIKIMIT NË MJEDIS." Http://www.kryeministri-ks.net. June 2009. 03 Oct. 2012
<http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/repository/docs/Final_EIA_Veterinary_Laboratory_shqip1.pdf>.
This is a report published in 2009 and it identifies the effects of the environment and the measures that should be taken in order to eliminate or reduce throughout the phase of construction of an animal's laboratory. This report also refers to the laws and existing norms in Kosovo's legal infrastructure. The assessment of the effects in environment and environment management plan includes a general evaluation of the project from the initial phase of construction, while handling i a very specific way its components, proposed measure in order to soften the negative effects in the environment.
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*School of Business, Economics and Law, UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG. (2008). **Kosovo environment and climate analysis. 17. Retrieved in September 18, 2011, from*http://www.sida.se/Global/Countries%20and%20regions/Europe%20incl.%20Central%20Asia/Kosovo/Environmental%20policy%20brief%20Kosovo.pdf
The article argues the importance and impact of climate and environment in the territory of Kosovo. The Swedish government issues the environmental situation of Kosovo in order to integrate a cooperation strategy within the region. Regarding the development cooperation, the Swedish have concentrated their focus on: Energy; Water; Environment and Security; Adaptation to Climate Changes. Furthermore, the central aim to set stability and peace within the territory of Kosovo opens the path towards the European integration, through the presence of good governance, democracy, and economic development. Nevertheless, environmental concerns indirectly affect the public health, and so, they should be addressed seriously in order to avoid the degradation of natural resources, pollution, and to provide a healthy life in the society of Kosovo. Ultimately, for the above mentioned environmental reasons the Swedish have offered financial aids for environmental development and strategy in Kosovo, and by doing so, they are identified as a major source of solving these types of problems in Kosovo.
Swiss Development Cooperation Office. UNDP, Energy Development. (2007). *{{color:#333333}}Energy for development - human development report 2007{}. Retrieved from *http://www.kosovo.undp.org/repository/docs/KHDR_eng_opt.pdf
This is an Report written by the Swiss Development Cooperation Office, researched in Kosovo, to determine the Development of the Energy Sector, in connection with Human Development, Energy Supply Changes and Challenges, and it talks about Energy Consumption: Trends, Perceptions and Attitudes. The report is written in English, and the information it gives is very useful, based on the quality and the graphs.
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Tahirsylaj, S., & Latifi, L.(2010). Quality of air in urban and suburban area's of the Prishtina's and meteorological impact conditions in distribution of pollution. Retrieved from http://balwois.com/balwois/administration/full_paper/ffp-1660.pdf
This article analyzes Prishtina's air quality as it is the most populated city in Kosovo and it is very close to thermo power plants Kosovo A and B. The air around Prishtina is considered to contain PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, and CO. The thermo power plants release high amounts of air pollutants that endanger the health of the population around.
The article focuses on air pollution with PM10, PM2.5, and TSP (total suspended particles) for the urban and suburban areas of Prishtina. The air pollutants were continuously measured with various sophisticated instruments and conclusions were made. The article is very educational and helpful since it concludes by noting that Prishtina's biggest problem in air quality is the high concentration of dust particles suspended in air.
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This website provides a report for the state of wastes in Kosovo through the years 2003-2004. It also has sufficient tables and charts that provide evidence for the situation of wastes in the country. Moreover, this report is a guideline for waste management, since it provides policies and solutions on dealing with this environmental problem.
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Ujërat e zeza e lënë Kosovën shumë larg BE-së. (2011). KohaNet, (Sewage System in Kosovo). Retrieved from http://koha.net/?page=1%2C13%2C61300 This article talks about the sewage system in Kosovo. The sewage treatment is important especially because among the conditions and criteria to be met for entry into the wide family of European Union (EU) is emphasized with capital letters and wastewater treatment plants with.
United Nations Development Programme, UNDP. (n.d.). **Environment_ _. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from UNDP website:*http://www.kosovo.undp.org/?cid=2,124
This web page discusses the major climate changes that have been going on in Kosovo and its environment due to a vast amount of pollution being emitted from old energy power plants. They lightly mention how the Kosovo legislation that is covering the issue of the environment is having a hard time actually implementing and enforcing it and that environmental awareness in general is very low among the public of Kosovo
"UNDP Kosovo - Environment and Climate Change." UNDP Kosovo - Home. Retrieved 19 Sept. 2011.Balise Wiki
This link is UNDP's published material on Environment in Kosovo. It has information about climate change and it also has the list of completed and ongoing environmental projects in Kosovo.
UNDP, (2010). Projekti për ndihmë përgatitore për zhvillimin e qëndrueshëm në Dragash. Retrieved from http://www.kosovo.undp.org/repository/docs/Dragash-Preparatory-Phase-Final-Report-2-ALB-FINAL.pdf>.
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UNEP. (2004)"Kosovo Conflict Hot Spots Cleaned up." Unep. Retrived Web. 12 Oct. 2012. <http://reliefweb.int/report/serbia/kosovo-conflict-hot-spots-cleaned>.
This is not an official record, and it talks about two of the health-threatening environmental hot-spots between Serbia and Kosovo. The hot-spot of Serbia has been significantly reduced and as a result fresh water has been improved for thousands of people, as well as hazardous waste has been removed for treatment due to the strengths of environmental management.
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USAID/ Kosovo (2007, January 31). Evaluation of Forest Management In Kosovo's Publicly Owned Forests. Retrieved April 10, 2011, from pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACJ275.pdf
This is a report which provides an evaluation of forest management in Kosovo's publicly owned forests. This is done from the perspective of the international forest management standard. The report also reflect the situation in Kosovo in January 2007, and some of the issues involved in here are: eliminating illegal activities in forestry and securing funding for the development of forest management plans for the areas foreseen for certification. There are also some recommendations presented that should be implemented in order to improve forest management and achieve certification of the proposed forest areas.
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Van den Berg, K., Woerden, F., & Naber, H. (n.d.). Vlerësimi i kostos së degradimit mjedisor, rishikimi institucional dhe rishikimi i shpenzimeve publike për mjedisin. Analiza mjedisore e shtetit*. Retrieved October 9, 2012, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTKOSOVO/Resources/KosovoCEA_Alb.pdf*
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This is a report written in 2009 about the situation of wastes in Kosovo. It was done by the Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency. It starts by introducing the definition and the main facts about wastes, the background and the classification of wastes. It continues by describing the state of waste pollution in our country. It describes the pollution from each kind of waste and how the land is polluted. The report also describes waste management.
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World Bank Team. Country Environmental Analysis: Cost Assesment of Environmental Degradation, Institutional Review, and Public Environmental Expenditure Revies . Kosovo: 2011. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTKOSOVO/Resources/KosovoCEA.pdf
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This report was published in July 2011 – Water and Waste Regulatory Office under the name “ Annual Performance Report for the Water and Waste Water Companies in Kosovo”. The report talks about water supply and waste water and the direct and indirect impact of the effects in customers. Further, the report aims to regulate the waste water in Kosovo and make it qualitative and reliable for consumption. The key issue is to provide population in Kosovo with drinking water, monitoring the wastewater collection as well as ensuring proper water supply for the local population. The report highlights also the importance of meeting the quality environmental standards.
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YaÄŸcilar, M. (n.d.). International Conference, Highlights and Results . Kosovo Enviromental Protection Agency. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from www.ammk-rks.net/repository/docs/Environment_Protection_and_Energy_Efficency.pdf
This is a report in English published by Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency. This report contains the summary of the conference about the energy efficiency and environmental protection held on 20-21 October 2010. The summary briefly explains the opportunities, practices and actions taken on this issue.
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Zeneli, L., Daci, N., Pacarizi, H., & Ajvazi, M. (2011). Impact of environmental pollution on human health of the population which lives nearby kosovo thermopower plants. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Prishtina , Prishtina, Kosova. Retrieved from http://ibe.sagepub.com/content/20/4/479.abstract
This study deals with the environmental pollution as a result of outflow from the coal processing industry. It concentrates on all the different elements that emerge when burning coal in the Power Plants and that might have a fatal impact on the environment. The study also talks about the ash that emissions from the 2 Power Plants and the direct effect on human health of the population living in the industrial area of Obiliç, who have to inhale that ash everyday.
*Zeri. (2011). **Drenasi behet per spital. Prishtine: Zeri Retrieved from* http://www.zeri.info/artikulli/2/8/34143/drenasi-behet-per-spital/
This is a newspaper article providing some interesting statistics about the air pollution problem in town of Gllogovc (Drenas) caused by the Ferronickel factory.
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