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(Insert Links)The Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET) was one of the world's first operational computer networks, and was the main precursor to what has become the modern Internet. Initially funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the U.S. Department of Defense for use by its projects at universities and research laboratories in the US, many important computer and communications technologies were pioneered by the project. Packet switching, TCP/IP, and distributed computation were all vital technologies that would later form the backbone of how the Internet works.
Sources:
The Dream Machine, M. Waldrop
Where Wizards Stay Up Late, Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon