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Xerox PARC (Pao Alto Research Center) was founded in Pao Alto, California by Xerox (then a copier company) in 1970. PARC is widely regarded as one of the most successful corporate research labs in history, pioneering many of the major developments that made computing shift from an exclusively corporate enterprise to the personal, ubiquitous machines we know today. While Xerox made the lab possible with initiative and funding, the company's vision of developing "the office of the future" was never realized, as they failed to successfully monetize and market the innovations made at PARC. Regardless, scientists and engineers at park were responsible for developing well known and recognizable elements of modern computing such as as laser printing, Ethernet, graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and concept of the desktop, object-oriented programming, and ubiquitous computing.

1. Xerox, the Copier Company

    a. Grew explosively in the 1960s due to a monopoly on the copier industry

    b. With billions in new capital and rising competition on the horizon, CEO Peter McColough was looking to broaden the company's influence

        i. Saw potential in the obscure field of computing, where few others did

        ii. Already having a strong presence in offices across the nation, wanted Xerox to own "the office of the future"

2.Founding of PARC

    a. In 1969, Chief Scientist at Xerox Jack Goldman approached George Pake about starting a second research center for the company.

    b. Pake selected Pao Alto, California as the location for the research center

        i. Far enough away from Xerox's headquarters in Rochester that they could work freely

        ii. In the heart of the blooming silicon valley, making it easy to recruit staff

    c. Goldman also recruited Bob Taylor to help manage the facility and help recruit scientists to join the research center

        i. Taylor's connections from working at ARPA enabled him to find the best minds in computing

        ii. Taylor would go on to be instrumental in the operation of PARC, maintaining the spirit and atmosphere that enabled the lab to flourish

3. Research at PARC

    a. Began with McColough's $920 million acquisition of the failing computer company Scientific Data Systems

    b. Culminated in the development of the Alto, the first true personal computer, many features of which would be recognizable today

    Technologies developed at PARC:

  • Laser printers,
  • Computer-generated bitmap graphics
  • The Graphical user interface, featuring windows and icons, operated with a mouse
  • The WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) text editor
  • Ethernet as a local-area computer network
  • Fully formed object-oriented programming in the Smalltalk programming language and integrated development environment.
  • Model–view–controller software architecture

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